Isolation and Disparities in Jail Suicide Risk: Examining Community, Facility, and Individual Factors

Suicide remains the leading cause of death in U.S. correctional facilities, underscoring the importance of identifying factors contributing to elevated risk. Drawing on national data on jail fatalities from 2011 to 2019, this study examines suicide risk across macro-level (community infrastructure), meso-level (facility characteristics), and micro-level (individual vulnerabilities) domains. Multivariate regression analyses indicate that, at the micro-level, being young, White, male, unconvicted, or serving a short length of stay increases suicide likelihood. Rural isolation is associated with higher suicide rates, whereas overcrowding is linked to lower rates. Interaction models further demonstrate that rural jails without overcrowding experience the highest suicide rates. Findings highlight the complex interplay among individual, facility, and community factors, pointing to the need for targeted, multi-level prevention efforts. Policy, practice, and research implications are discussed to inform evidence-based strategies for reducing suicide in correctional settings.